The invention discloses a high-recovery-rate eco-friendly dust collection system of a calcinator. The dust collection system comprises a host 1, an electrical dust collector 2, a cloth-bag dust collector 3, a water-bath dust collector 4, a participation dust collector 5, and air outlets. Main body heat transfer portion of the dust collection system of the dust collection system adopts convection and conduction heat transfer, and conduction heat transfer is carried out in the first and second parts of the main calcinator through high-temperature heat pipe heat transfer technology. Heated compressed air directly acts on gypsum powder for convection heat transfer through a fan arranged at the bottom. An efficient internally-arranged cyclone is adopted in first dust collection of the high-recovery-rate eco-friendly dust collection system of the gypsum calcinator, so that about 90% of dust is captured and falls back into the calcinator, and secondary dust collection is selected according to environmental protection discharge requirements of different areas. The system is reliable in operation, and exhaust gas meets first-class regional standard of national standard.